Data ____ exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting the application program's ability to access the data.

Data ____ exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting the application program's ability to access the data.

Data ____ exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting the application program's ability to access the data.




a. mining
b. integrity
c. independence
d. inconsistency


Answer: c. independence


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